With the publishers The work is submitted to the peer review process Genesis & Pre-publication Triggers, hypotheses, research, writing, speaking, preparation and submission to a publisher Pitching a monograph based on a PhD Solo reseacher activities Research & publishing experience map What academics do from genesis to publication of research Change the world My goal is to reach and affect the widest possible audience, including the public, policy makers, industry as well as academics. My attitudes and publishing strategies reflect this goal. Excellent mentor My goal is to provide the best possible foundation of experience and skills for the researchers whom I have responsibility for. My attitudes and publishing strategies reflect this goal. The expert My goal is to become the acknowledged expert in my field, the benefits accrued through this will permeate throughout my department and discipline. My attitudes and publishing strategies reflect this goal. Explore my field My goal is to explore my field. The process of discovery and refining my proposition is everything to me. Publishing as such, is not central to my work and my attitudes and publishing strategies reflect this. This is the opportunity to follow my interests Relinquishing control of work Pay APC Monitor the works effects Watch the metrics e.g. Academia.edu View followers View citations Include work in CV Appointments and career development Maintain list of published work Follow academic metric e.g. Impact Factor Collate material for REF statement Research Excellence Framework Establish ownership of work Publishing work to get a job Publishing work to get a promotion Research group activities stem Research is initiated Collaborative activities e.g. internal reviews The problem Problems are formulated Writing and development Keep notes and drafts Rewrite / Redraft Publish to establish ownership Selecting appropriate publishing unit e.g. book, article Selection of language Assimilate new input to your existing mental model A request for a contribution or to speak Broaden idea base at a conference Communicating with immediate peers Discipline groups Structuring the ideas into chapters Rewrite / Redraft Manage junior researchers writing tasks Upload to publisher e.g. manuscript central Negotiate & agree contract with publisher Send example work e.g. working paper or chapter Conference presentation to refine ideas and language Consider merit of sharing prior to publication Publish data sets / image sets Triggers Research genesis Personal research over a lifetime: Assimilate new input to your existing mental model. The line between research genesis and maturation is indistinct. Research maturation Ideas are collected continuously e.g. notebooks A new perspective on an existing idea New funding becomes available Existing research is extended Formal literature review Funds are actively sought to fund an idea Problems are fully understood Doing the research Sharing during research Assimilate new input to your existing mental model (Note: this never stops) Writing and trying ideas out: The filtering process is an external distributed process Arranging seminars Gaining input from seminars Arranging a specific conference Communicating with peers e.g. departmental, discipline Recording notes, data and technical information Preparing for publication e.g.LaTeX Technical reports Collected data Thinking really really hard Organise publication Prior to submission Organise publication Negotiate & agree contract with publisher Communicate with publisher / editor Sharing prior to submission Upload to publisher e.g. manuscript central Sharing prior to submission Continue to explore topic via a seminar Teaching Departmental activities Organising PostDoc / JRF researchers Manage / monitor group activity Organise group work e.g. who writes what Existing research groups Selection of journal or publishing house Consider Impact or the need to publish A new grant opens Drawing on external ideas and views Choosing and inviting attendees Planning the group Creating a new research group Initiating the new group Establishing the new group Review peer review comments Respond to comments Revise the work Choose another publishing outlet Revision / Resubmission Editorial rejection Infer who the reviewers are Build relationship with an editor Editorial / Peer review process Publish to a personal website Publish to a departmental website Publish to a specialist website Conference presentation to establish ownership Prior to publication Sharing prior to publication Sharing prior to publication Publish to a specialist website Peer reviewed publication process Relinquishing control Pay APC Post publication Contributing to the REF business case Monitor the works effects Watch the metrics e.g. Academia.edu View followers View citations Follow academic metric e.g. Impact Factor Appointments and career development Research Excellence Framework Include work in CV Maintain list of published work Collate material for REF statement Publishing work to get a new job Publishing work to get a promotion Contributing to the REF business case Emotional engagement University Organisational touchpoints External funding organisations Publishing houses Online repositories & archives ? Funding councils ? Independent funding bodies ? Industry investment ? Research office ? Department ? administrator ? email ? telephone call ? Human Resources ? Teaching work ? University procurement ? E.g. Academia.edu, SSRN ? Organising writing sabbatical SOLO ? Collaborative conference or seminar SOLO ? Enterprise advice External organisations stem ? Patent consultancy ? Patent lawyers stem ? Publishing negotiations ? Departmental website team stem SOLO ? APC payments Research Office ? Rights owners SOLO ? Reject ? Review ? Discuss ? Seek extra funds ? Posting to repository stem ? Departmental website team ? Posting torepository ? Department REF admin ? REF assessment ? Department ? HR ? Personal website ? Academic tools e.g. Symplectic ? Proof of open access ? Monitor metrics + _ Collaborative proposals take so much time Research, this is what it's all about Pitching work to publishers is really hard Publishing decisions are hard solo PhD SOLO Publishing decisions are hard stem I love to share my work I don't like to let go Rejection isn't nice I love to share my work REF is such a pressure Everything depends on where I publish JRF AHSS stem Formulate and write proposal and budget Present or defend proposal Proposal review process REF - pressure to publish Teaching Departmental activities Organising PostDoc / JRF researchers Ideas are filtered through group peers stem Ideas are filtered through group peers stem REF - pressure to publish Solo Publish to establish ownership Solo Solo Individual research STEM STEM research Establish ownership of work e e e e e e e e e Extrinsically motivated e Intrinsically motivated i e Publish to a departmental website e Publish to a personal website i e To receive royalty payments e Solo Conference presentation to establish ownership e Share data sets / image sets STEM e i e Continue to explore via seminar i Solo STEM e e e e e e e e e e e e e e AH AH research Source copyright material e.g. images Arrange permission for copyright material Pay for copyright material Find funding for copyright images Solo Solo i STEM e Supply work to publisher Receive publication time plan Upload to publisher e.g. manuscript central Supply work to publisher Receive publication time plan Map out next steps based on publication timetable Map out next steps based on publication timetable Map out next steps based on publication timetable Early interaction with publisher Solo STEM e e i i i Business strategy Patent application Seek advise STEM stem stem stem Discuss ideas with a publisher Early interaction with publisher Solo Determine publishing strategy Formulate and write proposal and budget Communicate proposal Present or defend proposal Proposal review process Great to see the research having an effect ! ! Pain point ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 'harvesting' journal articles from a PhD thesis ! ! ? email ? telephone call SOLO ? Collaborative conference or seminar SOLO Communicate with publisher / editor Upload to publisher e.g. manuscript central ! ! Determine publishing strategy Consider merit of sharing prior to publication Selection of journal or publishing house based on knowledge of audience Selection of journal or publishing house based on metric or prestige Selecting appropriate publishing unit e.g. book, article Generate multiple papers during the research ! PhD Junior academic stem SOLO stem SOLO stem SOLO stem SOLO stem SOLO stem SOLO stem SOLO stem SOLO stem SOLO stem SOLO stem SOLO stem SOLO stem SOLO stem SOLO stem SOLO stem SOLO stem SOLO Correct errors created by the publisher ! ! ! Map out next steps based on publication timetable ! ! 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 2 9 Notes about pain points (an * indicates that the pain point is a duplicate for solo and group based research) 1 Pitching a monograph based on a PhD. PhD students and PostDoc researchers feel intense pressure to publish their thesis through a prestigious publisher or journal. Usually as a monograph (AHSS) or extracting papers for journals (STEM) * 2 REF pressure. Academics, particularly those in the early stages of their career, feel a compelling pressure to publish material. Anecdotally, their publishing related strategies appear skewed toward quantity of publications, rather than fewer with more cohesive narratives. 3 Map out next steps based on publication timetable. Reliable publication timescales appear to be rare. Understanding when work will be released publicly is essential to the planning of future publications, next steps in research, appointments, promotions, REF and grant applications to name but a few instances. Note: new publishers e.g. Openbook and eLife have differentiated themselves by focussing on providing reliable publishing timescales. 4 Determine publishing strategy How, when, where and what to publish is a complex decision. Factors include: the status of the topic in the wider academic community, the perceived impact of the work, the need to publish, the desired audience, timing in relation to similar work and the presentation style. Note: Early career academics are rarely able to practice this decision making process. Additionally, the complete range of factors determining the outcome of a publishing decision have not been identified in this study. Research to Identify the range of factors is highly recommended. 5 Pay for copyright material. The type and amount of material nor the final publication media are know in advance of completing work, making it hard to plan for and fund licensing copyright material. Open Access publication models will complicate this as volume may not be prescribed in the initial contract. 6 Pay APC (after acceptance). The tasks and responsibilities surrounding the organisation, management and payment of APC charges are confusing and surrounded by myth and rumour. Adoption of and engagement with Open Access is hindered by anxiety centred around loss of academic autonomy. 10 Appointments and career development. Peoples approach to publishing varies between fatalism and optimistic determination. PostDoc and early career academics perceive an unequivocal link between the prestige of the publisher or journal and their career. The current publishing system is opaque, complex and changing rapidly. The success of their career hangs on publishing early, frequently and for maximum prestige. The decisions that lead to publishing are difficult to judge there are opportunities to more junior academics make these decisions better whatever their attitude is to begin with. 7 Negotiate & agree contract with publisher. The publishing landscape has changed substantially since senior academics learnt their negotiating skills. The established processes of sharing wisdom and skills with junior academics has been overturned. Contract negotiation is now tackled with little opportunity for rehearsal. People are apprehensive about their legal position regarding their work and their responsibility to Open Access. 8 Publish to a departmental website. People will always take the path of least resistance to complete a task, particularly tasks where the value to the individual is perceived as minimal e.g. engaging with university / departmental IT services to update webpages or adopting 'new' services like DSpace. People around the university are inundated with information, services and requests for help where the value to the individual is hard to see. The case for using services needs to be coupled to value and aligned to a path of low resistance. 9 Research Excellence Framework. Everyone is completing the REF for the first time and therefore it's not well understood. Lack of understanding breeds disquiet and myths are advanced. Politically, it appears, the REF should be deplored, leading to an increased circulation of REF myths. ê,SXEOLVKQRZWRLQ?XHQFHWKHZRUOG QRWWRLQ?XHQFHP\FDUHHU,MXVWZDQW WREHUHDG? 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I try to use my publishing experiences to help junior members of my team because I know that the pressure on them is more intense than it used to be. I use every opportunity to push them to network and to publish in relevant publications. What motivates me Setting aside my life commitment to research, I get most satisfaction from helping early career researchers develop their reputation and their academic skills. I want to improve academia simply because I recognise that there are limited opportunities to learn from mistakes. The publishing landscape is too complex and the stakes are too high for it to be left to chance. Where I want to get to My experiences of academia as a PostDoc researcher left me feeling that there should be more guidance for young academics by demonstrating not just what to do but also how to and when to do work. A quick, consistent publishing process while supporting researchers’ goals is important. I want to amplify change through academia by mentoring people and guiding the next generation of academics. Therefore I recommend Open Access publishing LQDOOLWVIRUPVRYHUSXEOLVKLQJWKURXJKSXEOLVKLQJYHKLFOHVUXQIRUSUR?WEXW,VHHWKDWWKLV isn’t an easy choice for many early career researchers. Experience goals Junior academics only have a limited amount of time to do research, write and publish their work where it can be counted toward REF, while academics seeking promotion need to be able to present published work in readiness for the appointment process, or they stand to wait another year for the work to count toward their job prospects. Therefore publishing in a transparent, easy way to navigate, while demonstrating fair play is important to me. What frustrates me The nature of academic employment is changing. There are more researchers than there are permanent academic positions. The pressure on them to publish in order to get a job has never been greater. The publishing decisions that a junior researcher makes will have profound effects on the direction and success of their career. The decision making process is complex, factors like where to publish, when to share publicly, how to best present the work are poorly understood at the beginning of a career, and on top of that they’re poorly communicated. What I think about Open Access I’m concerned that the RCUKs proposal for Open Access will lead to a ‘committee’ having control over what is deemed acceptable research. The advent of Open Access will change the environment again and will need to be incorporated into graduate training too and that will change the strategies for publishing. WANTS TO BE THE BEST MENTOR “I know early career researchers are under so much pressure so I try and mentor and support them the best I can.” I’ve been a Reader for several years now. I use my publishing experiences to help junior members of my group because I know the pressure on them to publish in order to get a job has never been greater. I use every opportunity to push them to network and to publish in relevant publications. What motivates me I get a lot of satisfaction from helping early career researchers develop their reputation and their academic skills. My experiences as a PostDoc researcher left me feeling that there should be more guidance for young academics. I want to provide this guidance by demonstrating not just what to do but also how and when to do work. Where I want to get to I want to improve academia. I want research to be judged on its own merits not on the vechile of distrubution. I recommend Open Access publishing over publishers who make a SUR?WEXW,VHHWKDWWKLVLVQèWDQHDV\FKRLFHIRUPDQ\HDUO\FDUHHUUHVHDUFKHUV I believe I can amplify change by mentoring people and guiding the next generation of academics. My approach Junior academics only have a limited amount of time to do research, write and publish their work where it can be counted toward REF. Academics seeking promotion need to be able to present published work in time for the appointment process. If they’re not ready they have to wait another year for the work to count toward their job prospects. Once it didn’t matter WKDWWKHSHHUUHYLHZSURFHVVWRRNDQXQVSHFL?IHGOHQJWKRIWLPHQRZLWèVYLWDOWRNQRZKRZ long the process will take and be able to rely on that. A quick, consistent publishing process which supports researchers’ goals is important. Publishing in a transparent, easy to navigate way, while demonstrating fair play is important to me. What frustrates me The nature of academic employment is changing. There are more researchers than there are permanent academic positions. The publishing decisions that a junior researcher makes will have profound effects on the direction and success of their career. The decision making process is complex, knowing where to publish, when to share publicly and how to best present your work are poorly understood at the beginning of a career. On top of that they’re poorly communicated. What I think about Open Access I’m concerned that the RCUKs proposal for Open Access will lead to a ‘committee’ having control over what is deemed acceptable research. The advent of Open Access will change the environment again and will need to be incorporated into graduate training too and that will change the strategies for publishing. Christine, 49 INFLUENCES AND MOTIVATIONS REF Status quo Seeks credit ,Q?XHQFHWKHZRUOG Mentor juniors ([SORUH?HOG Technology use Career Strategic Focussed Broadcast Emergent PUBLISHING APPROACH KEY CHARACTERISTICS Shares her experience widely Actively seeks new technologies Structured work to deadlines College position: N/A Departmental position: Reader Discipline: Mathematics Style of work: Group Published: Journals, books, conferences BACKGROUND INFORMATION “I want to be the expert that people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here I want to get to 0\FDUHHUDQGUHSXWDWLRQPHDQVHYHU\WKLQJWRPH,UHJXODUO\FRQVXOWLQLQGXVWU\DQGZDV WKULOOHGWREHDVNHGWRDSSHDURQ4XHVWLRQ7LPHDQG5DGLRODVW\HDU*HWWLQJP\ZRUN SLFNHGXSE\DELJQHZVSDSHULVP\QH[WJRDO 0\DSSURDFK ,KDYHHVWDEOLVKHGUHODWLRQVKLSVZLWKSXEOLVKHUV0\ZRUNQHHGVWREHUHDGE\WKHULJKW SHRSOHDQGWKDWPHDQVJRLQJWRWKHULJKWSXEOLVKHU,GRQèWOLNHWROHDYHSXEOLVKLQJWRFKDQFH LWèVWRRLPSRUWDQW,SXEOLVKUHJXODUO\EXWUHFHQWO\GHFLGHGWRFRQFHQWUDWHRQZULWLQJERRNV DVWKHLULPSDFWLVJUHDWHUIRUERWKP\UHSXWDWLRQDQGWKHGHSDUWPHQW ,UHFHQWO\VWDUWHGXVLQJVRFLDOPHGLDWRSURPRWHP\ZRUNDQGLGHDVRQP\EORJ,FDQVHHLW KDGDSRVLWLYHHIIHFWIRUWUDFNLQJFLWDWLRQVDQGLPSDFWIDFWRUEXW,GRQèWZDQWWRVKDUHWRR RSHQO\\HW,WKLQNLWèVLPSRUWDQWWKDWWKHLQIRUPDWLRQLVXQGHUVWRRGLQFRQWH[W,èYHEHHQ EXUQHGE\MRXUQDOLVWVVKDULQJTXRWHVRXWRIFRQWH[WEHIRUHDQG,ZDQWDKDUGFRS\7KH\DUH PRUHWDQJLEOHDQGSURWHFWPHLIWKHRQOLQHYHUVLRQGLVVDSSHDUV :KDWIUXVWUDWHVPH 3XEOLVKHGDUWLFOHVQHHGWKHULJRUSHHUUHYLHZVJLYHWKHPEXW,èPWLUHGRIWKHSHHUUHYLHZ SURFHVVWDNLQJVRORQJ,QHHGWRNQRZZKHQP\ZRUNZLOOEHUHDG What I think about2SHQ$FFHVV 7KHFXUUHQWV\VWHPZRUNVSHUIHFWO\ZHOODQG,GRQèWVHHZK\ZHQHHGWRFKDQJH,èP DSSUHKHQVLYHDERXW2SHQ$FFHVV,èPZRUULHGSHRSOHZLOOWDNHP\PDWHULDORXWRIFRQWH[W DQGORVHLWèVPHDQLQJ:KHQNQRZOHGJHLVIUHHO\DYDLODEOHSHRSOHGRQèWUHVSHFWLWDVPXFK ,èPDQ[LRXVDERXWOLFHQVLQJLPDJHV$UUDQJLQJOLFHQVLQJDQGSD\LQJIRUWKHPLVDOZD\VD FKRUH7KHUHLVYHU\OLWWOHKHOSDQGLWDOOJHWVDORWPRUHFRPSOH[ZLWK2SHQ$FFHVV Why are they a challenge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rofessor 'LVFLSOLQH History and Philosophy of Science 6W\OHRIZRUN Group 3XEOLVKHG Journals, books, conferences, media %$&.*5281',1)250$7,21 “I’ve been working on this project for 15 years but I only sat down to write the book 3 months ago.” WANTS TO EXPLORE HIS FIELD I’ve been a professor for 5 years now. I’ve had opportunities that have led to my appointments, but I feel they’ve mostly occurred as a result of the work that I’ve carried out, not through planning. What motivates me I thrive on exploring every last detail and nuance of my area of study. It’s the most important part of my academic life. Of course, I’d like it if my work made a difference to other people, but I don’t let that affect what I do. I do research for it’s own sake. Where I want to get to ,èPGULYHQE\WKLVQHHGWRXQGHUVWDQGHYHU\WKLQJDERXWP\?HOG,WèVDVLPSOHEXW delightfully unachievable goal. Nothing pleases me more than to hear a new idea or perspective that allows me to see my research in a new light and explore new paths. Talking about my research at conferences and as a lecturer help me to structure my thoughts and allows me to explore the language I use to describe and communicate my ideas. For me writing a monograph is just a way to document my work; I like to look at it as a part of the thinking process rather than a strategic way of publishing. My approach I really enjoy doing research and challenging my understanding of my subject. It provides PHZLWKDVHQVHRIFDOPQHVVDQGWUDQTXLOLW\ZKLFK,GRQèW?QGDQ\ZKHUHHOVH3XEOLVKLQJLV an intrusion on my research and it can take a long time. Over the years I have developed my own personal ways of working. They suit me, but I don’t think these are necessarily transferable to junior academics, and I’ve never really thought abuot my publishing strategy in much detail. What frustrates me 0\ZRUNGRHVQèWDOZD\V?WLQWRWKHVWUXFWXUHVRUSURFHVVHVSUHVFULEHGE\WKHLQVWLWXWLRQ Having to go through the publishing process is often just an extra chore; I want to spend my time researching rather than reviewing and publishing. I add a lot of images to my publications which can be expensive and hard to estimate for at the beginning of a project. What I think about Open Access I’m concerned by any change to the publishing landscape. I don’t know much about Open Access, it’s confusing and I don’t see how it will be useful. There’s only a small group of SHRSOHLQWHUHVWHGLQP\VSHFL?F?HOGZKRRXWVLGHWKDWJURXSZLOOZDQWWRUHDGLW" I’m worried what effect Open Access will have on my publishing choices. How can a PRQRJUDSKEHPDGH2SHQ$FFHVVDQGZKRZLOOSD\IRULW":LOO,KDYHWRPDNHZRUNWKDW ZDVQèWIXQGHGE\DJUDQWDYDLODEOHWKURXJK2SHQ$FFHVV" Roger, 56 INFLUENCES AND MOTIVATIONS REF Status quo Seeks credit ,Q?XHQFHWKHZRUOG Mentor juniors ([SORUH?HOG Technology use Career Strategic Focussed Broadcast Emergent 38%/,6+,1*$3352$&+ KEY CHARACTERISTICS Doesn’t share until he’s ready Focus on discipline, not department :RUN?H[LEO\ZLWKIHZGHDGOLQHV College position: N/A Departmental position: Professor Discipline: Philosophy Style of work: solo 3XEOLVKHG books, conferences, seminars %$&.*5281',1)250$7,21 168 ACTIONS 2 DISTINCT PROCESSES
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